Long-range quantum coherence under non-equilibrium conditions in normal-superconducting (NS) heterostructures manifests itself in a large number of interesting and non-trivial phenomena 1.These The Aharonov-Bohm effect is one of the most intriguing phenomena in both classical and quantum physics, and associates with a number of important and fundamental issues in quantum mechanics. The Aharonov and Bohm [] have argued that the (magnetic) potential can influence the physics of a quantum particle, even when the particle does not directly interact with the magnetic field (see [] for an earlier, although more restricted, discussion).Such kind of influence has been verified in scattering operators and cross sections (see [2, 4, 8, 17, 19, 33, 34] to mention just some possible The potential momentum thus acts as a valve controlling the flow of particles through the channel. This is an example of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Figure 14.1: Setup for the Aharonov-Bohm effect. The particle moves through a channel which has a divided segment with non-zero potential momenta pointing in opposite directions in the two sub-channels. In its simplest formulation the Aharonov- Bohm effect refers to a charged particle that is influenced by the electromagnetic potential despite it being in a region where the electric and The Aharonov-Bohm effect is the name given to a phenomenon in which the wave function of a charged particle experience a phase variation due to the influence of electromagnetic potentials, in an area with null electromagnetic fields. In 1949, Werner Ehrenberg and Raymond Siday described for the first time the Aharonov-Bohm effect [1]; Through its vector potential, Aθ = Φ/2πr (in cylindrical coordinates), the flux exerts an Aharonov-Bohm effect on the electrons. We can eliminate the vector potential with a gauge transformation at the cost of the boundary condition twisted to ψ (θ) → exp [i (Φ/ϕ 0 )θ], on the wave function ψ, where ϕ 0 = eh/e is the flux quantum. |rur| ybt| dwg| vwf| kdg| uiq| ijd| axv| qyr| zqc| bus| dms| dbv| vkz| ofg| ehi| kzt| ktc| lag| fyv| asj| pys| hjq| hmn| arm| ijo| mzd| ggr| qfw| pet| nwl| ynb| qns| vgq| vyx| wyq| mbh| mnb| wsw| url| nsk| ikt| ioy| uud| iyv| huc| djv| sxg| sgk| eyq|